Online Schooling versus Offline Schooling

Online and Virtual Schooling in Europe

The development of interactive online technology has enabled the development of online and virtual schools in Europe, North America and elsewhere. These forms of school education challenge conventional schooling modes characterised by the physical presence of teachers and students in a building using experiential modes of learning. This paper considers examples of online projects for European s...

Age versus schooling effects on intelligence development.

The effect of formal education, as opposed to chronological age, on intelligence development has suffered from inadequate empirical investigation. Most studies of this issue have relied on natural variation in exposure to school among children of the same age, thus confounding differences in schooling with differences in other intelligence-related variables. This difficulty can be overcome by a...

Schooling Laws, School Quality, and the Returns to Schooling∗

Educational attainment increased sharply during the first part of the 20th century as compulsory schooling laws became more stringent and school quality greatly improved. Since prior research finds that school quality gains contributed to increased education levels during this period, causal estimates of the returns to schooling which use schooling laws as instruments but ignore the contemporan...

What Determines Adult Cognitive Skills ? Impacts of Pre - Schooling , Schooling

What Determines Adult Cognitive Skills? Influences of Pre-Schooling, Schooling, and Post-Schooling Experiences in Guatemala

Most empirical investigations of the effects of cognitive skills assume that they are produced by schooling, and that schooling is exogenous. Drawing on a rich longitudinal data set to estimate production functions for adult reading-comprehension cognitive skills and adult nonverbal cognitive skills, we find that (1) Schooling attainment has a significant and substantial effect on adult reading...